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2017-2019高考真题分项汇编专题20完形填空说明文议论文(英语 解析版)
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   Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively   51  work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the   52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe,   53  , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from   54  without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of   55  people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to   56  to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general   57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional   58  managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without   59  managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:   60 委托) much further than has   62  been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to   63  that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less. the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be   61  with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (
Another trend is off-site or   64  management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the   65  of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire           B. seek             C. lose             D. dislike  
52. A. contrary         B. expectation          C. degree               D. extreme 
53. A. vice versa       B. for example          C. however          D. otherwise
54. A. outside          B. inside               C. below                D. above
55. A. replacing        B. assessing            C. managing         D. encouraging 
56. A. refer            B. contribute           C. object               D. apply
57. A. agreement        B. practice         C. election         D. impression
58. A. bossy            B. experienced          C. western          D. male 
 59. A. asking          B. training         C. warning          D. firing
60. A. doubling     B. maintaining          C. reducing         D. estimating
61. A. honored         B. left             C. crowded          D. compared
62. A. economically B. traditionally        C. inadequately     D. occasionally
63. A. deny         B. admit                C. assume           D. ensure
64. A. virtual          B. ineffective          C. day-to-day           D. on-the-scene
65. A. opinion          B. risk             C. performance      D. attractiveness
【文章大意】本文是说明文,作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯·麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的X理论和Y理论,并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论:授权管理及其作用。
51.D 考查上下文串联。根据后半句…will do anything to avoid it可知很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情,说明那些人大多数人生性都是懒惰的,都不愿意工作,他们尽可能地逃避工作。故D项正确。
52.A 考查上下文串联。短语to the contrary相反的;to the degree在某种程度上;to the extreme走向极端;在文章第一段中提到了X理论,大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心,不愿对人和事负责,没有什么雄心壮志,不喜欢负责任,宁可被领导。而Y理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责,人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论,尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据,很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A正确。
53.B 考查上下文串联。本句中for example表示举例说明;这些管理人仍然同意X理论,例如他们认为如果要员工效率高,就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。
54.D 考查上下文串联。根据后句“...makes for authoritarian managers....”可知这属于专制的管理方法,他们的决定是来自上而下的,没有任何商量的余地。故D项“above上面的”正确。
55.C考查上下文串联。根据前段可知本文讨论的管理学的理论,使用本句使用动词manage管理”,不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。
56.B考查动词短语辨析。短语 refer to 提到,谈到;contributeto做贡献;导致;object to反对;apply to适用于;亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法,所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。
57.A 考查上下文串联。名词agreement同意;practice练习,做法;election选举;impression印象;亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法,这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的,西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A正确。
58.D 考查上下文串联。根据前半句“....women will become more effective managers than men....”可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力,比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D正确。
59.A 考查上下文串联。根据前句“... encourage employees to use their own initiative...鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神”,也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理,自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。
60.C 考查上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing缩小规模的趋势”,也就是要减少管理层的数量,可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词“reduce减少”符合上下文串联。
61.B 考查短语辨析辨析。动词be honored with被授予;be left with留下,剩下;be crowded with挤满;be compared with与.……相比;通过这种方法,公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节,提高了管理的效益。故B正确。
62.B 考查副词辨析。副词economically经济地;traditionally传统地;inadequately不充分地;occasionally偶尔地;根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management...”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法,与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。
63.D 考查动词辨析。动词deny否认;admit承认;assume假定,设想;ensure保证,确保;授权管理是一种新型的管理方法,省略了中央管理环节,保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。
64.A 考查上下文串联。形容词virtual虚拟的;ineffective低效的;day-to-day日常的;on-the-scene现场的;根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中,人们都是通过邮件和网络联系,说明这种一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。
65.C 考查名词辨析。名词opinion 观点;risk冒险;performance 表现;attractiveness魅力;根据后半句中“
in terms of what they produce for projects,rather than the amount of time they spend on them"可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品而不是工作的时间。故C项正确。
【名师点睛】
 本篇完形填空对于上下文串联及词汇的复现进行了集中考查,占到了三分之二。由于完形填空的文章是一个意义相关联的语篇,围绕一个话题论述,因此在行文中词语的重复、替代、复现和同现现象是不可避免的。根据这个原则,某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现或同现的相关词,考生可以根据这些词之间的有机联系来确定答案。所以,解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索,如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。但由于我们在做题时不可能总是重复地阅读文章,因此,在做完形填空时要培养一种捕捉并记忆相关信息的能力。
 如本文57题考查上下文串联。亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法,这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的,西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A项名词“agreement同意、协议”正确。
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