Grammar——过去完成时的被动语态
一、语法图解
二、语法突破
1．定义
过去完成时的被动语态表示动作在过去某时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成，且主语与谓语动词之间存在被动关系。
The room had been cleaned when we came.
我们来的时候房间已经打扫干净了。
2．构成
过去完成时的被动语态构成为：had been done。
3．基本用法
(1)用在told，said，knew，thought等动词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完。
He said that the books had already been sold out.
他说书已经卖完了。
(2)当before，when，by the time，until等引导的时间状语从句的谓语是一般过去时，以及by，before后接过去的时间时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且表示被动时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came.
老师来之前教室还没有打扫干净。
(3)在It was the first/second/...time that ...从句中，主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
It was the first time that I had been criticized in public.
那是我第一次当众挨批。
(4)在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去的事实相反，且主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
If I had been invited earlier, I would have gone with you.
如果我早点被邀请，我就和你一起去了。
完成句子
①They said the production costs had been reduced.
他们说生产成本已经降低了。
②It was the second time that his bike had been stolen.
这是他的自行车第二次被偷了。
